The issue is: how to deal with the needs of economic and population of the métropoles growth while preserving the planet and its natural resources In recent years the concept of "sustainable city" is necessary. Studies, books, conferences and seminars on this theme relay thoughts and positions of planners, elected officials, planners, social landlords and developers. Awareness is notable in all these actors in the city and local authorities are working on "their" city of tomorrow with a common "red thread".
The urban fabric will consist more in addition to "green" buildings, i.e. with low energy consumption. The city will offer a mix of features mix of homes, shops, offices and public facilities. "Can design buildings able to evolve as needed." "An office building can easily be transformed into housing and vice versa," says Frédérique Monjanel, Director of real estate development at ING Real Estate Development France. The "sustainable city" "will also propose in its areas of housing of all accessible to all budgets standings", says Alain Jund, responsible for town planning at the Town Hall in Strasbourg. To limit gas emissions greenhouse consensus emerges on the management of travel. The "clean" transport are essential. The settlements of tram, tram-trains and electric bus came in all cities. And develop fresh circulations for bicycles and pedestrians. "In 2020, we hope to achieve a rate of 20 biking use against 8 today", States Alain Jund. "The development of the car and rental of electric cars for a short time are alternatives to explore", continues Patrick Rimbert, Vice-President of Nantes Métropole. "To achieve a coherent and integrated development, one must begin by conducting a global reflection on climate, mobility planning, planning, from urban sprawl, not to mention the economic and social dimension", summarizes Vincent Fox, associate researcher at the Institute of sustainable development and international relations Iddri Sciences po. This economic and responsible land management led the city actors to rethink urban forms and densify the constructions. "The existing city must become more compact". "Can invent in existing urban fabric of the houses of superimposed with terraces and also erect towers with their green spaces walk", supports Roland Castro, architect and town planner. To control pollution, the city will use renewable energy for heating (geothermal energy, biomass plant) and will ensure the collection and recovery of waste. "Force is to note that habitat becomes one factor among others in this strategy of remodeling of the city," said Elizabeth Touton, responsible for urban development, housing and transport to the City Hall of Bordeaux.
Two repositories in gestation
There is no national or European official repository on the theme of the "sustainable city". To showcase projects in progress, the Ministry of ecology, environment, sustainable development and the sea launched a year ago, the competition "EcoCité." Nineteen cities in the running, 15 will be selected in early November. Term, these emblematic operations will help to build a "national framework".
At the European level, a repository is under study. A program of the Union should "promote dialogue between Governments and major European cities." "He leaves the methods for making a righteous city with measuring instruments defined in common", details Sylvie Harburger, Europe Advisor at the Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations.
"The scenario is not just to align ecoquartiers much in vogue at the moment." "This collection of new and rehabilitated buildings, with impeccable energy qualities, are not the city," warns Pierre Kermen, responsible for sustainable development mission to the Joseph Fourier University in Grenoble. Indeed, the fear of a self-sufficient development of these green areas, of which some are referred to as "ghetto rich", begins to crab-wise. Other analysts are more optimistic. "Our écoquartier will serve as an incubator of ideas." "Innovation will be quickly declined across the city," argues for Hugues Rondeau, Mayor of Bussy-Saint-Georges.
What is the meaning of a micro-district of zero energy, consistent with ecological standards, if the neighbouring metropolitan area continues to expand without limits "Snack and urban sprawl of the conurbation system must stop," insists Pierre Kermen. "It now intervene on different scales to develop the city." The scale of the neighbourhood is one. It should also act at the level of the commune and the territory. Wider, this space is a good area for action. "It integrates both of life and employment basins", notes Patrick Rimbert. Nantes Métropole, and the community of agglomeration of the saint-nazairienne region and estuary (Carene) have partnered to respond to the call for projects "EcoCité." Their ambition: creating an Eco-metropolis around the estuary of the Loire in a preserved natural environment. "The sustainable city must be beautiful and pleasant to live." Do not design with the single obsession with sustainable development and the maximum technical performance. "Urban and architectural qualities must never be lost sight of," says Roland Castro.
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